The morning star awakes him,
No scare is with him of virtue and sin;
He steps at the first in the woods,
Because for his children and his food;
He stares his head then his bone,
Sun asks him off because it has gone.
He took his heavy legs ahead,
All offspring staring at the gate;
They attack on his bags then,
It is excuse to get over on pain;
His wife eyes run on his hand,
It has heartdrops with holding a can.
He looks on her ,then shadow!!
Catching his fate, he runs on meadow!
By Pradip Khadka
राताे साारि र खैराे चाेलि सहित सजिएकि ऊ- पुतलि(नाई) ईन्द्रेेणि (हाेेईन) सिन्डेेरेेला थिई, म एकहाेरिए उसकाे याैबनमाथि, जुन पाेखिएकाे थियाे , छताछुल्ल भई मेरा प्रत्येक नशामा, कुदिरहेकाेे थियाे म चुम्न चाहन्थे, उसका हरेक लालिहरु- बिस्तारै अाेठहरु जाेडेर, उसकाेे हिउमा नक्सा काेर्न चाहन्थे बिस्तारै नाङ्गाे अाैला हरु सलबलाउदै म उसकाे जवानी स्पर्श लिन चाहन्थे अतृप्त अाशाकाे अन्जुलि नपाेखिदासम्म। जब उ चल्न थाल्थि समिरकाे झाेक्काले सयपत्रिका टाउका हल्लाए झै उसलाई एक लयमा उफारिन्थ्याे। प्यासकाे नशा चढ्दै जादा उ भने भरिरहेकि थिई। उसकाे हरेक चालकाे धक्काले तप्प तप्प खसिरेकाे याैबनकाे मह अाैलाले टिप्न खाेज्दै गर्दा धर्तिले सल्याक सुलुक निलिदिन्थ्याे।। हाेसियारि बढ्दै जादा उसकाेे मह धर्तिमा चुन नदिई सबैै साेेहर्न बादलबाट लाेेटेेर उसकाेे किरणकाेे ईन्द्रेेणि बन्न खाेेज्दैै गर्दा उसकाेे धप्केेकाेे घामलेे मलाई बाफ बनाई अदृृष्य क्षितिजमा उडाई-रह्ययाे..
Though, the necessity of manipulating the human rationality for uplifting the human civilization, the excessive utility of rationality is a cause of destruction of human civilization. As world is marching jubilantly in the zenith of new era because of human attribute of rationality as it is falling down to in destruction era of human civilization and identity because of excessive utilization of human rationality. Now days, the way of applying the rationality is the field of science and technology which is directly connected with the human identity as well as human futurist existence. Most of critics, writers and intellectual phenomena who are repeatedly warned to the people and stake holder about the harsh result of excessive utilization of human civilization through science and technology from their writings and speech. Among of them, Caryl Churchill is one of phenomenon who strikes in the head of rational world through her Drama A Number. In her drama, she talks about the human clony. She manipulates the single character in different roles which creates the confusion on father, Salter who wanders in term of searching his cloned sons. The agent of action of this drama, Salter does hard struggle resituated his lost identity of father with his cloned sons. Churchill shows that he is not success to get back his identity. The writer attempts to show the fatal result of misusing of medical technology which can emerge negative result. She manipulates here the father-son relationship to talk about the harsh side of human clony instead of any kind of scientific way and political view point. So, this term paper attempts to explore the crisis of human identity in Churchill’s A Number.
The first scene of this drama begins from the struggle of Salter’s to maintain his relationship with his son. It can be said that Salter’s struggle of reconstructing the relationship. He tries to prove that he is their father where he says, “It was all a normal, everything, birth” (Churchill 430). It seems he has attempted to bring the reference of normal fatherhood and motherhood claiming his natural fatherhood with his sons. It reflects the dangerous futuristic scenario of human civilization because of human clony. It all gives the glimpse of crisis of human identity. Further, Salter attempts here to deconstruct the father and mother which can be taken as female’s using to privilege male identity through female. Churchill, a socialist feminism, brings here father-son relationship to talk about the crisis of human identity rather than scientific reasoning and political point of view. NY Times writes about it, “Stunning . . . a great event . . . a gripping dramatic consideration of what happens to identity in a world where people can be cloned” (no pg). The drama by Churchill has been given the harsh human future identity because of human clony. It seems very easy to be cloned but drama reflects that it does not seem very easy to face the effect which is emerged because of human clony.
In order to keep further crisis of human identity through manipulating dark comedy, Churchill brings the reference of nature versus nurture in A Number. Salter is not natural father of B2 and Michael Black. So, he attempts to show his behavior as a father to maintain father and son relationship. Consequently his sons ask prove while Salter regularly insists with sons that they are his sons. It seems comedy and fantasy but immediately it brings us towards deep contemplation of crisis of human identity. Sons ask with him why he lives his wife. They seem not to ready to accept to Salter as their father. So, sons escape from him away and father chases them. It shows that the failure attempts of father to maintain father- son relation. B2 expresses here, “Do not they say you die if you meet yourself?” (Churchill 432). It seems to make Salter androgyny to maintain identity for son. It seems son only ready to accept to him if he being as their mother. Father wants to repent his past error by mending the relationship between father and sons. The Guardian claims that, “A complex and human study of parental guilt, regret and responsibility and what it really means to be a father or son” (no pg). it seems that father is in really socked of loosing sons. He has a deep passion of his son. So he wants to maintain his past distance relation through clonying his son’s.
Churchill further manipulates sex politics here to show the crisis of human identity. Simmone De Beauvoir claims that female is used as shadow creature. She explains in her The second Sex that, “One sex is ruled by another”. Here, she wants to elaborate the politics between female and male where according to her female is always ruled by female. B1 states here, “I had this black and tan bitch wouldn’t do what it’s told, useless” (Churchill 436). Through the symbolic using of bitch, Churchill subjectively reflects to the whole females who are going to more suppressed because of human clony. Churchill’s main character reflects all women as useless as bitch. It can be linked with going human apocalyptic identity. Salter further intentionally desires to be existed through female here where he abstractedly bringing to the female (mother). He tries to console to his son B1 that he is his real father. B1 asks about his mother what happen. He reveals that she encounters with death. According to him, his son also gets encountered with death after her mother demise. He further attempts to prove why clone is important for him that he wants to mend his past father-son relationship. We can come in conclusion that female is not there, they are become. Female is a word which is not natural but it is nurture thing where it can be existed according to our intention and need. Salter repeatedly attempts to exist to his wife to get right of fatherhood on his clony sons.
Salter runs after their sons. Sons claim that he is not father of single one because, according to them, there are a number of them who are wandering in the road. Later, B1 knows that his copies are there. So, he goes and killed to B2 and commits suicide there. After this incident, Salter goes in acting out who is in more traumatic position. To get heal on his acting out, he goes to the Michael black, another his clone son. He claims with him as his son. Black does not seem ready to accept Salter’s statement. Black, a Mathematics teacher whose life is out of anxiety and dispute is further going to be bothered here. Black connects to all human with other living being to create a comfortable to Mr. Salter. Where Black states, “We’ve got ninety-nine percent the same genes as any other person . . . ninety percent the same as a chimpanzee . . . thirty percent the same as a lettuce” (Churchill 448). Salter does not go in the work through mood after hearing the data given by his son Michael. He further wants to create his ethos on his son Michael black bringing the phrase of “banana ice-cream” (Churchill 448) which is prepared quite bit unusual way. It is dairy free dessert like his sons B2 and Michael Black which he has brought here to prove his validity. Ben Brantley claims that “A Number strikes sharp and reverberate chords of implications about the ways people rationalize bad behavior and unthinking objectify others, including their own flesh and blood”. It is hardly strike on the head of rational world of human. Churchill resists the over implication of human head in the process of human civilization. She further wants to warn to all human worlds about the effect of excessive using of human rationality that can be cause of human destruction.
In this way, the terrifying futurist scenario has been well reflected in this drama. Churchill, one of socialist feminist writer, manipulates the father- son relationship which is way of pathos here instead of other rational way of viewing to the human clony system. She goes parallel to the identity of female as well as whole human beings. A Number can be dealt as the great strike on the head of medical technology which has been playing with human civilization. Though, one can back in his/her earlier life because of clony, it has affected to the whole human identity directly. It seems, Churchill wants to avoid the excessive utilization of human rationality in any field. Thus, this is one of piece of writing that secondarily advocates the bad sight of human clony which directly affects to the whole human beings and their identity as well as civilization.
Work Cited
“A Number Review- Caryl Churchill Explores the Change of Artificial Creation.” The Guardian 12 Feb. 2014: n. pag. Web. < http://www.theguardian.com >
Churchill, Caryl. “A Number.” The Norton Anthology of Drama: The Nineteenth Century to the Present Ed. J. Ellen Gainor etl. W.W. Norton and company, 2009.
“My 3 sons: Clonings Unexpected Result.” Ed. Ben Brantley. The New York Times 8 Dec. 2004: n. pag. Web. < http://www.tytimes.com>
Life narrative is seen as a process which a narrator struggles to shape an identity out of an amorphous experience of subjectivity. First wave critics excluded to the common people from autobiographical writing. It claimed that autobiographical writing is only for great person and personality. There is not any struggle of life in the first -wave autobiographical writing. The second-wave critics try to improve the concept of autobiographical writing including other moods of life narrative. It takes life writing as an art rather than history. The details what is included in the life writing is not linear form. So, the second-wave suggests that all events what are happening in the life should be kept into linear form. Most of the autobiographical writers who follow the second-wave do the struggle in reconstructing the unity of life across time. Sherwood Anderson through his “Passing Thought”, is doing struggle to be existed in KB whom he accounts here. This term paper attempts to explore how Anderson reconstructs the unity of a life across time in his writing, “Passing thought”.
Sherwood Anderson does a hard struggle to portray himself in his diary form journal, “Passing Thought.” He explains the events separately in each of paragraph. The last sentence of each of paragraph has shared the thought of Anderson. In the beginning paragraph, Anderson explains the American fellow K B, who is most generation kind of person. He writes, “A month he gives himself completely to the man or woman he is with (43). K B, the unknown character is always in the crowd who is loved by everyone. Behind the shadow of K B, there is Anderson himself. In the ideological notion of “I”, there is always narrating I and narrated I. Jean Starobinski argues that, “though seemingly a modest form, autobiographical narrative in the third person accumulates and makes compatible events glorifying the hero who refuses to speak in his own name” (77). Anderson attempts to make his life account here through K B.
In the second paragraph, Anderson attempts to transmit his transitional ideas which lead America towards tomorrow when there will be no any racial discrimination. The inner feeling of Anderson is reflected in this paragraph which is shaped by external life of contemporary American life. Anderson brings here the sense of socialist revolution in the third paragraph where he talks about Russian. He writes, “Out there something new is growing up” (43) which gives the message of unity in the people of America. Anderson brings here the concept of rationalism which binds to the people under the unity. Revolution is itself a rational activity which creates groups in the society. Anderson, through K B tries to reconstruct the unity of life. Gusdorf argues that life writing is, “reconstruction the unity of a life across life” (37). The revolutionary mind and thought becomes weak when K B listens the condemnation of a Russian towards Russian Revolution. According to Marxism the human consciousness which does not determine to the existence rather it is existence which determines to the human consciousness. The thought of people on Russian Revolution is not positive after breaks down the Soviet Union. So, the struggle of Anderson goes with more challenging way after this event in the text.
Anderson expresses double edge phenomenon in his writing. He mentions a lot of Non-Resident American in his writing. He finds most of them are in dialectical form of nationality and persuading luxurious life. Anderson writes, “man’s part to play the hand fate had delt him in life” (44). Anderson brings in next paragraph another unknown character P who is in double-edge phenomenon. He has a strong nationality but he is I abroad in the procession of pursuit of good life. So, Anderson himself is in abroad now who try to collect all Non-Resident American in single thread along with him. He brings the reference of marriage here which is as bad not to marry as to marry. He claims both plans are unsuccessful. He reflects himself in his marriage life. The marriage what he does in his life shape his mental life that it is not good. So he does struggle to bring unity in his life from marriage but all marriage got failed. He situates himself in his journal writing, “Passing Thought”. The main target to bring a unity in his personal life is to create peace in his American society.
Anderson writes, “the lovers are all silent” (44) which reflects here the distinction between love and marriage. He expresses here love is loving someone whereas marriage is loving someone something. He explains the loving style of European couple. Gusdorf argues that the autobiographical writing is process, where it is art not time bound historical activities. He deals the loving style of European couple where he attempts to merge himself in the there. It has helped to create unity of life. He further quotes the weakness of American people who uses to escape from their everyday life. Here he states, “help you in your difficulties with the language, who take you into their everyday life” (44). He states that all Europeans take themselves in their everyday life. So, Anderson suggests all of American getting out from their timid life for better life. He further explains one of French couple who are busy to please to American. Americans blindly wash their capital for the activities of French couple because they desire to get the life style of all European. Anderson expresses his sympathy on them. Anderson further suggests all of American to accept all abroad as America to understand the whole abroad life. He writes, “[A]ccept France as you can accept America, thinking . . .it a place you don’t understand-to drink beer with men and women you love, in a café, under a giant tree, in the forest” (95). Hart argues that, “truth emerges from relationship between the autobiographer and his personal, historical subject” (126).
In order to bring his American feeling, he further expresses as desire of castle life as afraid too. Anderson hands here the revolutionary ideas which he attempts to preserve this safely. He meets an American in abroad who expresses his patriotism. While he suggests him to back home, he rejects to be backed because he accepts that he is an empty. So, the people who remain outside of nation are totally declain. Anderson writes, “I have blown about too long. I’m empty thing” (46) which gives the situation of all Americans who remain abroad. In the last sentence of this writing, where Anderson writes, “He was a man who has taken horses from track to track, all over the world, but has never won a race” (46). He attaches clearly in this line. He reflects himself here. Anderson is himself who wander everywhere but he does not get success in his life. He confesses in his memoirs that , “For all my egotism I know I am but a minor figure” (43). At last, he expresses here, “yankee” (46), “shrewd” (46) which give the Americanisms. He reconstructs the unity of life of all Americans who remain abroad.
In this way, Anderson writes this journal diary while he is out of America. He writes each of paragraphs in fragmented way. The last sentences of each paragraph give the major thought of Anderson. The first-wave of autobiographical writing excluded to the life of common man. The critics of second- wave who include all of life in the center of life writing. Anderson brings to common life in his writing. “Passing Thought” is a journal writing which always goes public to private. So, the issues what he begins in his writings are public and these issues are concluded to be joint with private life of Anderson. So, he is able to reconstruct his unity of life through his writing, “Passing Thought”.
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Works Cited
Anderson, Sherwood. “Passing Thought.” Life Writing. Eds. Winifred Bryan Horner. Prentice Hall: A Blair Press Book. Pp. 43-46
Smith, Sidonie, et. al. Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives. London: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
Fetching feminism and equality in the same path can be favored for sprouting apocalyptic identity of female in the surface. One cannot raise properly feminism issue ignoring history. It would be inevitably to go back into history, had the woman’s identity been wrecked. Mary Poovey claims Gender is social constructed. She further endorsed the female term should be studied through history. Alike Poovey, many feminists advocates for the history to discover feminism issues. Alike them, Andrienne Rich, post- feminist American writer, manipulates anti-mythical technique in her writing. She advocates going back to the history instead remaining in the hang- over of myths and mythical norms and values. The third phase of feminism suggests doing self- exploration. According to their ideas, women can set their space in society without privileging male, if they initiate discovering themselves. French feminists postulates a feminine language based on their body. According to Poovey, Feminists, like Irigaray, claims to develop different language . . . women can tell a different story. Females desire their solo tour of discovering female’s wrecked identity and rights with their own style and discourse. Most of the feminists come in conclusion to explore female past resituating their identity in the society. Andrienne Rich, through her poem, “Diving into the Wreck” supports to reshape the female identity through symbolic voyage of underwater. Persona of this poem sets off her journey with a book; knowledge, camera; recorded history and knife-blade; weapons of self-defense in searching the wrecked- ship which connotes the apocalyptic identity of female for regenerating the female identity.
The initiation image of this poem demonstrates the personas adventurous voyage for somewhere through her accounting of goods needed for journey. She includes here, “a myth book” (Rich 53), “a camera” (Rich 53), and “the knife-blade” (Rich 53) which give the atmosphere of her usual journey. Persona is ready with putting on body-armor and awkward mask. But, when she reaches in the last of this stanza where, “not like Cousteau with his/assiduous team/aboard the sun-flooded schooner/but here alone” (Rich 53) all of which impress personas solitary journey of self-exploration for finding out the truth of female history what myths tells. Michelle Dean argues on her article, “her feminist politics bloomed . . . to march on-to the pages of intellectual journey”. Rich grounds the feminism term in the political ground where she advocates for resituated the falls identity of women. She has already discovered the entering gate of her journey. She mentions here “there is a ladder/the ladder is always there/hanging innocently” (Rich 53) which affects that there is a clear way but no one dares to go for journey of exploration, so all women stays there innocently in patriarchal suppression. When the persona reaches in the beach of sea, she brings collective form of all female where she states, “we” (rich 53) from “I” (Rich 53). It suggests her intention of including all female in her journey. According to James McCorkle, this form of journey of women, “in the quest for self-knowledge and the history of the feminist project” (McCorkle 109) that strikes her boldness of discovering female’s lost identity. Persona of this poem goes beyond of self-ethos for taking self-discovering for identity. Persona asserts here the isolated journey to the depths of feminine psyche beyond social limitation to capture the real past of all female.
Persona details of her inner journey in the underwater. She expresses, “the blue light” (Rich 53) which strikes visual journey of discovering in the depth of underwater. In the procession of her journey, persona claims, “and there is no one/to tell me when the ocean/will begin” (Rich 53). It suggests that it is completely solo travel where she is without company. And further, she expects a clue about the where and when the female identity is apocalyptic in human civilization. Barack Obama claims in his article, “the emotional, sexual and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctors says, “It’s a girl”. Through her poetry, Rich argues that female identity is destroyed in the society because of patriarchal norms and gender stereotypes. Persona gives here contradiction between the outer world and the inner world. She attempts here bringing the female issue in the surface from the reality of depth. She mentions here her toughness, “my mask is powerful” (Rich 53) while discovering the underworld. She finds the different structure there where persona mentions, “the sea is another story” (Rich 53). The real structure of female in the past is unlike than what is believed in the surface today. Persona discovers here the feminine term which is under suppression of patriarchal norms and value. She regards here the genderless society found in depth of her journey where she asserts, “to turn my body without force” (Rich 53).
In order to connect, the female wrecked identity, with her journey, persona goes beyond of her individuality and illustrated mythically the voyages. She asserts that the journey of discovering is hard. The world where she reaches is completely different than the world of surface. Persona mentions here, “you breathe differently down here” (Rich 54). She unconsciously makes her distance from the journey. Here, persona asserts to all female kinds to inform what to do there in journey. She desires to make independence to all females without guiding from masculine stereotypes and story. So, she herself transfers into second person, “you” (Rich 54) here going beyond of herself and to draw them all near to her eye. She repeatedly reminds herself the purpose of her journey. Through her journey, persona attempts to construct her own world. Here, persona offers her readers, “the words are purpose/the words are maps” (Rich 54). She advocates to create own language of identity for resituating all women. She talks about,”the treasures” (Rich 54) which gives the damaged identity of all women. Mohamad Fleih Hassan argues, “She metaphorizes the burial of these treasures to the burial of the female voice . . . symbolic masculine language”. Persona demands the female language at the same time to be saved from the masculine domination. She further determines to discover the actual happening. Persona offers, “slowly along the flank/of something more permanent/than fish or weed” (Rich 54). She is not satisfying with the things what is appeared in the surface. So, she goes more depth of reality.
Persona concerns more in the location of wreck than the time happening. She concretely crosses the boundary of air and water which has kept in the illusion. She goes far off gender issue in her journey. Persona offers here, “the thing I came for/the wreck and not the story of wreck/the thing itself and not the myth” (Rich 54). These lines visually keep the diver away from discovering the events in term of time. She goes near of absolute myth where she discovers the drown feminism which is expecting to be rescued where persona states, “the drown face always staring/towards the sun” (Rich 54) that she claims the evidence of wrecking the female identity. The subtle vision of persona of manifestation it here calling the mob of consciousness of regenerating the female identity. She elaborates the finding scene in her journey which asserts the abandonment of female identity in human civilization. The femaleness is abandoned in the half way which is now in condition of half destroyed. The line, “whose drown face sleeps with open eyes/whose breasts still bear the stress” (Rich 54) manifests females’ identity is in half death which is still half survive bearing the pain of patriarchal suppression. Personas journey of self-exploration has gone individuality to universality of humanity. Rich claims through her poem that the discovering of female identity is misguided which never reveals the absolute truth about wrecked gender issue. Rich mentions here, “the water-eaten log/the fouled compass (54). These lines suggest that the discovering of female identity has been misguided. In the final stanza, persona brings male and female in the same path addressing, “We are, I am, you are (Rich 54)”. She further explores that the myths has also misguided to the female issue. So, according to her, one who has courage can see the reality of myths where there is no any female identity.
In this way, like the life and her other poetry; Rich’s “Diving into the Wreck” has been pregnant with lot of feminist issues. Rich attempts to inform the hidden mystery about female identity and feminist issue through her poem to her readers. She mentions about feminist issue like freedom and right passionately to her reader through symbolic journey into the underwater world which has not been explored till now. Rich takes all the readers to the primitive age when there was gender equality in the society. According to her, the female identity has been wrecked in the process of social evolution and advancing of the society. In “Diving into the Wreck”, Rich identifies many panoramas of life including reality, memory, emotions, and journeys and in each of them truth of feminist issues is effectively educated to the readers to resituate the female identity. So, this is one of the pieces of work of arts which clearly resituating the female identity in the surface.
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Works Cited
Dean, Michelle. “Adrienne Rich’s Feminist awakening, glimpsed through her never-before-published letters.” New Republic 3 Apr. 2016. Print.
McCorkle, James. Still Performance: Writing, Self, and Interconnection in Five
Postmodern American Poets. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia. 1989
Obama, Barack. “Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, “This Is What a Feminist Looks Like”.”Glamour 4 Aug. 2016. Print.
Poovey, Mary. “Feminism and Deconstruction”. Global Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed.Richard J. Lane. London: Routledge, 2013. 107-115.
Rich, Adrienne. “Diving into the Wreck.” The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Margaret Ferguson, et.al. New York/London: Norton, 2005.
The vast changing the external surface of the world after First World War has determined the inner life of the modernist writers. The psychological and social life of people has been dealt in various works of art of contemporary critics and writers, including T.S. Eliot. The modernity on the society has been deeply rooted where modernist writers adopt ambivalent attitude in showing social and culture practice. By manipulating the various processions of social activities, like technology, science and other profession; the city is the central thing which gives the external shape on human thought. Georg Simmel talks about the metropolitan life and mental life through the money economy which drives to human in individualism and indifferences. The metropolis in Simmel’s writing represents the seat of money economy and commercial productions which determines the modern human attitude where according to Julie Choi, David Frisby counters arguing that it is not money and industrial enterprise and rational organization rather but the metropolis to the key point of modernity. Metropolis life and money economy have gone together which shape the mental life of people. Many modernist writers show the metropolis life and mental life of contemporary people through their work of arts. T.S. Eliot, among of them manipulates the city life of people in most of his work of arts. My purpose is here to portray the cosmopolitan life in T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land which is pregnant with a lot of sight of metropolitan life.
Eliot breaks his poem, “The waste land” into Five sections where each of them interpreting the different issues. All issue what he deals in his poem connecting with modernity and metropolitan life and mental life of people. The narrator of this poem encounters with a lady Marie and her boy friend and having coffee together in the same table. According to narrator, Marie states, “Marie, hold on tight. And down we went/ in the mountain, there you feel free (Eliot 90)”. Marie seems afraid of something and she is requested to catch him tightly. Further, there is no freedom so they go in the mountain in pursuit of peace and freedom. It suggests that they are escaped from crowded life which connotes the metropolitan sense. Here Eliot keeps to the narrator in the shadow which is one of feature of modernity texts and metropolitan life. Narrator jumps over to account the cotemporary sight through questioning. He mentions, “What are the roots that clutch? What branches grow/ Out of this stony rubbish? (Eliot 90)”. Branches connote here people’s inner life where stony rubbish refers to the external life. Narrator questions here to the individuality which is production of city life passionately to go in conclusion of peace. Jewer Spears Brooker argues that, “Eliot usually discusses the modernist crisis in terms of an absence in contemporary life (540)”. There is vast crisis in people life because the society runs into the metropolitan form.
In order to expressing his dissatisfaction, narrator accounts the external things which are appeared around of him. “[A] heap of broken images (Eliot 90)”, “the dead tree (Eliot 90) and “dry stone (Eliot 90)” , all connote the external shape of metropolitan life which has been vastly going to be changed. Georg Simmel argues that, “Metropolitan type of man . . . exists in thousand individual variants . . . and discrepancies of his external environment which uproot him (184)”. These all image what Eliot mentions connote the external condition of society which going to be metropolitan from rural life. Metropolitan life is affected by money economy. Simmel further argues that metropolitan life, “a reduction of qualitative values to quantitative ones (185)”. Metropolitan life shapes the Person’s mental life into indifference and self-centered which drives him/her into blasé attitude. The humanity is depended according to means of production, wages and works in the city life. Marx argues that person is totally alienated from his works in the city life. When the person is alienated from his works then started being frustration that is one feature of city life. Narrator mentions here, “I was neither/ living nor dead, and I knew nothing (Eliot 91). The modernism, person is treated as a means not as being. So s/he cannot judge and find themselves as something long after using.
Narrator further expresses to the London as a, “Unreal city (Eliot 91)”. He is surrounded by the crowd in the London Bridge. Marshall Berman argues that, “the new force that the boulevards have brought into being the force that sweeps the hero away and drives him into a new state of mind, is modern traffic (192)”. According to the term of Berman, London Bridge is the boulevard where narrator meets a soldier while he is standing alone. Soon he loses in the crowd with soldier, Stetson like the Hero of Baudelaire’s “Lose of Holo” whose holo is dropped into mud. Further, Eliot writes, “keep the dog (92)” which as a friend of human that also signals the metropolitan life. In order to bring all the scene of the society, narrator goes further explains about the room of Cleopatra with, “a burnish throne (Eliot 92) which gives the sense of eighteenth century’s world which is in transition from feudality to industrial world. “The colored glass (Eliot 92) and “synthetic perfumes (Eliot 92)” influence the personality of modern man. Albert’s wife who is busy in her work cannot separate time for him. So, narrator suggests her to give time him to avoid searching another one. Here, “HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME (Eliot 94)” is forcefully repeated five times which indicates the city life. Julie Choi argues about Georg Simmel ideas that, “Punctuality, calculability, and exactness which are required by the complication and extensiveness of metropolitan life (328-29)”. The repeated statement also gives the sense of punctuality, calculability and exactness in the Eliot’s “The Waste Land”.
Narrator further details the deserters of the Earth. He mentions, “The river’s tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf/ Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind (Eliot 95)” that indicates everything turns into city because of huge population growth. Narrator further states, “The River bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers/ Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends (Eliot 95)” which indicates the industrial city of London that produces a lot of waste things. “The rattle of the bones (Eliot 95)”, “The sound of horns and motors (Eliot 95)” all give the perception of metropolitan life which shapes the eternal life of people. In the metropolitan life the actual life is always the material. Eliot writes, “Unreal City/Under thebrown fog of a winter noon/unshaven, with a packet full of currants/ C.i.f. London: documents at sights (96)”. This line suggests the metropolitan economic life. Further, he writes, “Ask me in demotic French/ To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel/ Followed by a weekend at the Metropole (96).Here, he explains the big commercial city life of the Britain where there is exactness and routine life. Missel argues that, “London has never acted as England’s heart but often as England’s intellectual and always her money (185)”. In the above extract, narrator explains what a customers demand not a person. It is the feature of metropolitan life where everything is treated as money. Narrator mentions here, “Queen Victorian Street (Eliot 97)” which is the gateway of modern metropolitan life. He further states, “O City city, I can sometimes hear/Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street/The pleasant whining of a mandolin/And a clatter and a chatter from within (Eliot 97)” which sounds the metropolitan life of people who are busy in the bar. “The sandy road (Eliot 99)” with no water which is represented in the poem gives the external life of city life. The whole Earth is waiting to the rainfall for a long time because of lack of rainfall. It also indicates to the metropolitan life not to be rainfall because all nature is attacked by people for industrial purpose. Narrator further mentions here, “Falling towers/ Jerusalem Athens Alexandria/Vienna London/Unreal (Eliot 100)” which indicates all the old treasures and holy places are going to be collapsed for new industrial city. Through mythical instances, Eliot represents the metropolitan life in his poem, “The Waste Land”.
In this way, Eliot brings here mythical method to explain all the material things what are happening in modern time. He gives more priority to the materialism which directly affects to human life. Tiresias is the narrator of the poem on whom Eliot represents himself. So, Eliot keeps him in the shadow in the poem which is the feature of metropolitan life. The Waste Land is the treatment of mental life of T.S. Eliot in the large context of the money economy of the metropolitan life. Eliot explains his experience of metropolitan life what actually happened after World War I in the Europe through his poetry. The poem gives a lot of indifferences and individualism which is production of capital centered metropolitan life. Thus, The Waste Land is poem pregnant with features of metropolitan life.
Works Cited:
Eliot, T.S.. The Waste Land. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Margaret Ferguson et.al. New York/ London: 2005. Print.
Choi, Julie. “The Metropolis and Mental Life.” New Literary History. The John Hopkins UP. Vol. 37, No. 4 (Autumn 2006), 707-724 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 20057974>
Brooker, Jewer Spears. “The Case of the Missing Abstraction: Eliot Frazer, and Modernism”. The Massachusettes Review. Vol. 25, No. 4 (Winter 1984), 539-552. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25089598 >
Simmel, George. “The Metropolis and Mental Life; The Socialogy of Georg Simmel (1903).” A Course Packet of Modernist studies. M.A. Eng. 572. Pp. 223-230
Berman, Marshall. “The Mire of Macadam; All That is solid Melts into Air (1982).” A Course Packet of Modernist studies. M.A. Eng. 572. Pp.231-239
A New Beginning, a speech by Barack Obama delivered in 2009, just after Obama’s meeting with the representatives of both Israeli and the Palestinian Authority. His speech was broken out when there was a large disputes; disputes between Western countries and Muslims majority countries in the live ground after 9/11. Obama chose Egypt to raise the issues relating with tension between Western countries and Muslims because he knows Egypt is the heart of Middle East. Throughout his speech, he attempts to colligate his personal life, official life, and lives of whole American as well as whole Westerner with this dispute to pursue the peaceful rest and harmony among people of whole world. In his speech, we can evaluate the Muslims related problems which are largely stretching in the world with the name of terrorism. Mainly, the terrorist attacking in Western countries, like France, Belgium and 9/11 in United State which have been fed the tension between Muslims’ majority countries and Western countries. Niala Mohammad, the American Muslim wrote an article in The Guardian in where she argues that she didn’t realize how often Muslims get kicked off planes, until it happened to her. She has given several instances which trigger the humiliations as well as discrimination on Muslims in the surface remaining in several Western countries. He addresses in his speech various seven issues distinctly which are appeared to elevate the tensions in the world. He expels the solutions of eradicating to all disputes in his speech. Obama argues here all tensions would be over from the hands of partnership and bosoms of brotherhoods.
Throughout his speech, Obama manipulates various rhetorical strategies to give life to his each claim. In the very beginning of his speech, he attempts to bring in the same road to the tradition of Muslim and their progress. Obama addresses the traditional values and modern values of Islam religion which only yield the huge flourished in Islamic countries, after their togetherness. He manifests the Muslim greeting in his speech, “Assalaamu alaykum” (Obama 873) to leave the perception of pathos on audiences. Obama points out the tension between Muslims and Westerner countries. He claims the colonialism which gives the big favour to create boundary between Muslims and Westerner. Obama endorsees artistic claim that the modernity and globalization which led many Muslims to view the West as hostile to tradition of Islam that these all are babies of colonialism. He represents himself as the person who comes there for new beginning which keeps his ethos that he is one and only American. He suggests that the new beginning initiates from sharing the common values and principles of Muslims and westerners. He confesses that single speech which cannot eradicate the firm disputes and mistrust at a sudden. So he claims that we should not hesitate to speak truth. He fetches the opportunity to pull the emotion of his audiences to keep his credibility in his speech. He brings the phrase from Islam scripture Holy Koran which gives his ethos, pathos, logos and kiaros, all rhetorical strategies in this single phrase, “Be conscious of God and speak always the truth” (112).
In his speech, Obama further creates ethos where he mentions he is from Muslim ancestor and he observed the religious activities of Muslims with his first eyes when he was in Indonesia. He seems creating credibility to speak about Muslim culture and tradition in Muslim country. He brings his university education here for qualifying his credibility as well as his logic where he sets up inartistic claims as a student of history. He adds very cleverly that the Muslim religion and education institution like Al-Azhar have given the way of pavement for European renaissance and enlightenment. He does conventional argument praising the value of Islamic civilization and culture, fetching his experience from his university education. He offers several instances which are in debt to Islam. Obama claims that Muslims, who are in America, have given a lot of contribution for America’s advancement. He further attempts to show the eradication of all discrimination on Muslims in America, which is common in post- 9/11 in America. He states that Muslims of America “built our tallest building” (Obama 112) which attempts to expel the American thought that Muslims do not know destroying the structure. In his speech, Obama does not mention here the situation of American Muslims who still suffered from the discrimination, but he seems only pull the attention of Muslims for his advantages by rhetorically praising them. Niala Mohammad writes an article in The Guardian about Muslims suffering in the United States where she gives the name of Muslims people who primarily confront the American insult in plane travelling. She writes that a Shikha, Shan Anand who was travelling in a group of six with two Latinos, three South Asians and an Arab. South Asians and Arab were removed from plane. Shan and his Muslims fellows told, “The crew felt unsafe”. In spite of these problems, Obama attempts to bring peace in the world by resolving the disputes. As a powerful speaker, he shares his experiences and feeling which personally connects him with Muslims’ culture and tradition. He gives name of American leaders like, Jefferson, Adam, and their experience to pull emotionally the attention of audiences. These events primarily give the logos of whole America which authentically represents its attitude and thought to Muslims. Obama claims, “My responsibility as President of United States . . .” (Obama 113) to fights against negative stereotypes of Islam. He looks quite succeed to manipulate the strategies of rhetoric in his speech in here. He further claims by saying, “my personal story . . .” (Obama 113), “We have learned from recent experience” (Obama 113), “court to protect the right of women” (Obama 113) which seems his trial to sow strong logos for strong rhetoric. He tries to give fair speech not to blame single entity. He asks to be confronted with tension squarely. Then he takes everyone towards certain issues particularly.
Speaker gives his first issue about confronting with extremist violence which is prevailing in the world politics since few years. He attempts to give his effective efforts, “as President to protect” (Obama 114) his citizens from extremist violence. He strategically quotes that “people of all faith reject” (Obama 114) killing by taking the innocent children and women which is emotional strategy. Obama endeavors to justify America’s troops assault in Afghanistan with audiences, “We did not go by choice; we went because of necessity” (Obama 114). In spite of Obama’s confession here Iraq war was America’s; war of choice, he strategically addresses his citizens who should not be dying ruthlessly because of extremists; which seems quite effective argument that remains between audiences. He again sets about the written piece of from Holy Koran, “whoever kills an innocent is as-it is as if he has killed all [human] kinds . . . whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all [human] kinds” (Obama 115). It is his cleverness seizing to chances to win audiences. It has given authenticity as well as his credibility and emotional appeal in his argument. He further tries to set his credibility, “I ordered the removal” (Obama 115), “I have unequivocally prohibited” (Obama 115) and “I have ordered” (Obama 115); which, all are used to solve Islam related tensions. He states physical war does not change the world but partnership can do all. So, he ends his first issue calling the hands of partnership.
In second issue, he takes the strategies of middle voice to discuss about the situation between Israel, Palestinians and the Arab world. He supports both sides legitimate aspiration of existence. He brings the history of Jewish for winning the emotion of audiences through logical argument. He argues that, “Resistance through violence and killing . . . does not succeed” (Obama 116). He attempts to be effective vie providing the history of Black People’s revolution of America which succeeds through the peace process not from violence and killings. Obama here brings visual argument, “It is a sign neither of courage nor power to shoot rockets at sleeping children or to blow up old women on a bus” (Obama 117). It constructs at least a part of the argument in audiences’ heads. At last, he brings all of them in single pot, “Jerusalem is . . . home for Jews and Christians and Muslims” (Obama 118). It seems his attempt to tie all of them in the single rope of brotherhood.
In the third issue, he points out the burning tension, tension of nuclear weapons which is one of major issue which has been brought dispute between America and Central Asian country, Iran. He logically brings the Non-Proliferation Treaty to make authentic argument. He tries to be effective by offering the friendly hand to Iran in coming days. Further, he discusses about democracy in another issue. He looks being a credible to talk about democracy, “America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard around the world, even if we disagree with them” (Obama 119). It leaves the perception of ethos on audiences. In the fifth issue, Obama discusses about religious freedom. He claims Islam is the religion of tolerance. He brings the logical appeal here, “We see it in the history of Andalusia and Cordoba during the Inquisition” (Obama 119) to convince his audiences. In the CNN, Miriam Francois writes about Burka system where she discusses the how French Muslims are victimized in France. She writes, “When France colonized Algeria, Algerian citizens could apply for French citizenship only if they reneged their Muslim identity. Today, in France of over five million Muslims, it seems that a very similar rule applies” (Francois no pg). Obama argues that, “Western countries to avoid impeding Muslim citizens from practicing religion as they see fit” (Obama 120). So, Obama here seems to leave a strong perception of pathos on audiences, talking about freedom to adopt any faith without resistance.
In the sixth issue, he discusses about women’s rights. He tries to leave the perception of pathos saying that those countries where women are well educated are far more likely to be prosperous. So he vows to take partnership with Muslims Majority countries uprising the level of girls through educations. Finally, he discusses about economic development and opportunity. He claims education and innovation are the present currency of the world. He tries to create pathos by colligating to America and Muslim majority countries through innovation and technology. He requests to Muslim youth to join in American technology which can link United States and Muslim Countries. He asks for collaboration between United States and Muslims countries for progress. He logically states here that all things can be possible through partnership.
In this way, Obama expresses it all are difficult to be addressed at a sudden but there can be something different tomorrow. He very cleverly asks for the New Beginning by addressing above issues. He addresses, it is very easy to eradicate all disputes through joint effort. Obama speaks all controversial issues that seem difficult in the beginning but easy after togetherness. He very logically asks to confront with the challenges. He deconstructs all problems which are occurred between Western countries and Muslims Majority countries. Obama logically expresses that we have the power to make the new seek for New Beginning for world’s prosperity. He ends his speech by bringing all religions together. He brings the statement of god to create the effective pathos for audiences in the ending points of his speech.
Fetching feminism and equality in the same path can be favored for sprouting apocalyptic identity of female in the surface. One cannot raise properly feminism issue ignoring history. It would be inevitably to go back into history, had the woman’s identity been wrecked. Mary Poovey argues, “Gender is social constructed” (45). She further endorsed the female term should be studied through history. Alike Poovey, many feminists advocates for the history to discover feminism issues. Alike them, Andrienne Rich, post- feminist American writer, manipulates anti-mythical technique in her writing. She advocates going back to the history instead remaining in the hang- over of myths and mythical norms and values. The third phase of feminism suggests doing self- exploration. According to their ideas, women can set their space in society without privileging male, if they initiate discovering themselves. French feminists postulates a feminine language based on their body. Feminists, like Irigaray, claims, “to develop different language . . . women can tell a different story” (47). Females desire their solo tour of discovering female’s wrecked identity and rights with their own style and discourse. Most of the feminists come in conclusion to explore female past resituating their identity in the society. Andrienne Rich, through her poem, “Diving into the Wreck” supports to reshape the female identity through symbolic voyage of underwater. Persona of this poem sets off her journey with a book; knowledge, camera; recorded history and knife-blade; weapons of self-defense in searching the wrecked- ship which connotes the apocalyptic identity of female for regenerating the female identity.
The initiation image of this poem demonstrates the personas adventurous voyage for somewhere through her accounting of goods needed for journey. She includes here, “a myth book” (Rich 53), “a camera” (Rich 53), and “the knife-blade” (Rich 53) which give the atmosphere of her usual journey. Persona is ready with putting on body-armor and awkward mask. But, when she reaches in the last of this stanza where, “not like Cousteau with his/assiduous team/aboard the sun-flooded schooner/but here alone” (Rich 53) all of which impress personas solitary journey of self-exploration for finding out the truth of female history what myths tells. Michelle Dean argues on her article, “her feminist politics bloomed . . . to march on-to the pages of intellectual journey”. Rich grounds the feminism term in the political ground where she advocates for resituated the falls identity of women. She has already discovered the entering gate of her journey. She mentions here “there is a ladder/the ladder is always there/hanging innocently” (Rich 53) which affects that there is a clear way but no one dares to go for journey of exploration, so all women stays there innocently in patriarchal suppression. When the persona reaches in the beach of sea, she brings collective form of all female where she states, “we” (rich 53) from “I” (Rich 53). It suggests her intention of including all female in her journey. According to James McCorkle, this form of journey of women, “in the quest for self-knowledge and the history of the feminist project” (McCorkle 109) that strikes her boldness of discovering female’s lost identity. Persona of this poem goes beyond of self-ethos for taking self-discovering for identity. Persona asserts here the isolated journey to the depths of feminine psyche beyond social limitation to capture the real past of all female.
Persona details of her inner journey in the underwater. She expresses, “the blue light” (Rich 53) which strikes visual journey of discovering in the depth of underwater. In the procession of her journey, persona claims, “and there is no one/to tell me when the ocean/will begin” (Rich 53). It suggests that it is completely solo travel where she is without company. And further, she expects a clue about the where and when the female identity is apocalyptic in human civilization. Barack Obama claims in his article, “the emotional, sexual and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctors says, “It’s a girl”. Through her poetry, Rich argues that female identity is destroyed in the society because of patriarchal norms and gender stereotypes. Persona gives here contradiction between the outer world and the inner world. She attempts here bringing the female issue in the surface from the reality of depth. She mentions here her toughness, “my mask is powerful” (Rich 53) while discovering the underworld. She finds the different structure there where persona mentions, “the sea is another story” (Rich 53). The real structure of female in the past is unlike than what is believed in the surface today. Persona discovers here the feminine term which is under suppression of patriarchal norms and value. She regards here the genderless society found in depth of her journey where she asserts, “to turn my body without force” (Rich 53).
In order to connect, the female wrecked identity, with her journey, persona goes beyond of her individuality and illustrated mythically the voyages. She asserts that the journey of discovering is hard. The world where she reaches is completely different than the world of surface. Persona mentions here, “you breathe differently down here” (Rich 54). She unconsciously makes her distance from the journey. Here, persona asserts to all female kinds to inform what to do there in journey. She desires to make independence to all females without guiding from masculine stereotypes and story. So, she herself transfers into second person, “you” (Rich 54) here going beyond of herself and to draw them all near to her eye. She repeatedly reminds herself the purpose of her journey. Through her journey, persona attempts to construct her own world. Here, persona offers her readers, “the words are purpose/the words are maps” (Rich 54). She advocates to create own language of identity for resituating all women. She talks about,”the treasures” (Rich 54) which gives the damaged identity of all women. Mohamad Fleih Hassan argues, “She metaphorizes the burial of these treasures to the burial of the female voice . . . symbolic masculine language”. Persona demands the female language at the same time to be saved from the masculine domination. She further determines to discover the actual happening. Persona offers, “slowly along the flank/of something more permanent/than fish or weed” (Rich 54). She is not satisfying with the things what is appeared in the surface. So, she goes more depth of reality.
Persona concerns more in the location of wreck than the time happening. She concretely crosses the boundary of air and water which has kept in the illusion. She goes far off gender issue in her journey. Persona offers here, “the thing I came for/the wreck and not the story of wreck/the thing itself and not the myth” (Rich 54). These lines visually keep the diver away from discovering the events in term of time. She goes near of absolute myth where she discovers the drown feminism which is expecting to be rescued where persona states, “the drown face always staring/towards the sun” (Rich 54) that she claims an evidence of wrecking the female identity. The subtle vision of persona to manifestation it here is to call the mob of consciousness of regenerating the female identity. She elaborates the finding scene in her journey which asserts the abandonment of female identity in human civilization. The femaleness is abandoned in the half way which is now in condition of half destroyed. The line, “whose drown face sleeps with open eyes/whose breasts still bear the stress” (Rich 54) manifests females’ identity is in half death which is still half survive bearing the pain of patriarchal suppression. Personas journey of self-exploration has gone individuality to universality of humanity. Rich claims through her poem that the discovering of female identity is misguided which never reveals the absolute truth about wrecked gender issue. Rich mentions here, “the water-eaten log/the fouled compass”
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